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Avvaiyar Statue in Marina Beach

Avvaiyar (Tamil: ஔவையார்; literally 'Respectable Woman') was the title of more than one female poet who were active during different periods of Tamil literature. They were some of the most famous and important female poets of the Tamil canon.

Abidhana Chintamani states that there were three female poets titled Avvaiyar. Among them, the first Avvaiyar lived during the Sangam period (c. 3rd century BCE) and is said to have had cordial relations with the Tamil chieftains Vēl Pāri and Athiyamān. She wrote 59 poems in the Puṟanāṉūṟu.^[1]

Avvaiyar II lived during the period of Kambar and Ottakoothar during the reign of the Chola dynasty in the tenth century. She is often imagined as an old and intelligent lady by Tamil people. Many poems and the Avvai Kural, comprising 310 kurals in 31 chapters, belong to this period.^[2]

The third Avvaiyar is the most widely known for her 'Vinayagar Agaval' ,'Aathichoodi', 'Kondrai Vendhan', 'Nalvazhi' and 'Moodhurai'.^[3]

Name etymology[edit]

The name Avvaiyar is a combination of Tamil word av vai with honorific suffix ar.^[4]Avvai refers to 'respectable elderly woman' as the word ammai which means 'good woman' in general term for a woman of any age.^[4] Thus the name Avvaiyar means a 'respectable good woman', hence a generic title rather than a specific name of a person.^[5]

Sangam-age Avvaiyar[edit]

The Avvaiyar who lived during the Sangam period is considered to be contemporary to poets Paranar,^[4]Kabilar and Thiruvalluvar.^[6] She is attributed as the author of 7 verses in Naṟṟiṇai, 15 in Kuṟuntokai, 4 in Akanaṉūṟu and 33 in Puṟanāṉūṟu.^[4] Legend states that she was a court poet of the rulers of the Tamil country. She travelled from one part of the country to another and from one village to another, sharing the gruel of the poor farmers and composing songs for their enjoyment. Most of her songs were about a small-time chieftain Vallal Athiyamaan Nedumaan Anji and his family.^[4] The chieftain had also used her as his ambassador to avert war with another neighbouring chieftain Thondaiman.^[4] The rest of her songs related to the various aspects of state governance. Although traditions claim that she was a sister of Kabilar, Thiruvalluvar and Athiyamaan, V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar refutes this claim based on his studies that all four of them were most likely of different walks of life, thus from different caste backgrounds and hence impossible to be siblings. Tirukkovilur is an ancient temple town in Tamil Nadu. This is where the demon Andhaka was killed by Lord Shiva. Sangam epics recount that it was here that Avvayar was blessed with a vision of her lord slaying Andhaka and she has dedicated verses to the same. At great ancient temple of Thillai Chidambaram she sang Vinayakar Thiruakaval when Lord Ganesha displayed his dancing form to her. Vinayakar Thiruakaval is an extremely esoteric work.^[6]

View on Valluvar and the Kural[edit]

It is said that Avvaiyar was one of the several scholars who were present at the time when Valluvar submitted his masterpiece of the Tirukkural at the Madurai College. Soon after the presentation and the subsequent acceptance by the scholars and the Pandiyan King, Idaikkadar praised Valluvar and the Kural text thus:^[7]

The Cural contains much in a little compass. Such is the ingenuity of its author, that he has compressed within its narrow limits all the branches of knowledge, as if he had hollowed a mustard seed, and enclosed all the waters of the seven seas in it. [Emphasis in original]

On hearing this, Avvaiyar remarked to him that it would be more appropriate to liken the Kural text to an atom, which is even smaller than a mustard seed.^[7] Both Idaikaadar and Avvaiyar's remarks appear as the last two verses of the Tiruvalluva Maalai.

Chola-age Avvaiyar[edit]

The medieval period Avvaiyar was the court poet of the Chola monarch and was the contemporary of Kambar and Ottakkuttar.^[4] She found great happiness in the life of small children. Her works, Ātticcūṭi and Konraiventhan, written for young children, are even now generally read and enjoyed by them.

Her two other works, Mooturai and Nalvali were written for older children. All the four works are didactic in character – they explain the basic wisdom that should govern mundane life.

Quotes[edit]

The following quotes from Aathichoodi illustrate the simplicity of her style and profoundness of the messages:

Uyir Ezhuthu	ஆத்திசூடி	English translation
அ	அறம் செய விரும்பு	Intend to do right things
ஆ	ஆறுவது சினம்	Anger is momentary; do not take decisions during times of anger (in haste)
இ	இயல்வது கரவேல்	Help others based on your capacity
ஈ	ஈவது விலக்கேல்	Never stop aiding
உ	உடையது விளம்பேல்	Never boast possessions (wealth, skills, or knowledge)
ஊ	ஊக்கமது கைவிடேல்	Never loose hope or motivation
எ	எண் எழுத்து இகழேல்	Never degrade learning
ஏ	ஏற்பது இகழ்ச்சி	Begging is shameful
ஐ	ஐயமிட்டு உண்	Share what you eat
ஒ	ஒப்புர வொழுகு	Be virtuous
ஓ	ஓதுவது ஒழியேல்	Never stop learning or reading
ஒள	ஒளவியம் பேசேல்	Never gossip
ஃ	அஃகஞ் சுருக்கேல்	Never compromise in food grains
'anuvai thulaithezh kadalai pugatti Kuruga tharitha kural'	Thirukkural is as powerful as the energy of the seven large oceans compressed into a divided atom.

'Thol Ulagil Nallaar Oruvar Ularael Avar Poruttu Ellarkum Peiyum Mazhai' – The rain falls on behalf of the virtuous, benefitting everyone in the world.

'Nandri Oruvarukku Seithakkal An Nandri Endru tharum kol ena vaenda nindru Thalara valar thengu Thaanunda Neerai Thalaiyaalae Thaan Tharuthalal' -Don't wait for a return benefit as to when a good deed done will pay back, but be just like that tall and erect coconut tree that drank water from its feet gives the benefit of giving that sweet water by its head.'

Her quote 'கற்றது கைமண் அளவு, கல்லாதது உலகளவு' has been translated as 'What you have learned is a mere handful; What you haven't learned is the size of the world' and exhibited at NASA.^[8] Her famous works include:

Shrine[edit]

In Muppandal, a small village in the Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu. there is an image of Avvaiyar. By tradition, this is stated to be the spot where the great poet left the mortal world.^[9]

Avvai Vizha[edit]

Annual Avvai Vizha is organised and conducted by the Government of Tamil Nadu to commemorate Avvaiyar's contribution to Tamil literature. This festival is celebrated every year in the month of Panguni on Sadhayam star day. Avvai Vizha has been started by local community long time back and still continuing willingly. Now Government of Tamil Nadu is continuing this function and adding more values. Local community, Tamil scholars and scholars from various fields participating with passion on this occasion and deliver their speech. Avvai Vizha is conducted in the temple Avvayar situated at Thulasiyappattinam village, Vedaranyam, Nagappatinam District, in the temple premises of Arulmigu Visvanathaswamy Thirukovil. Also this place is referred to famous interaction between Lord Muruga and Avvaiyar 'Suttapazham Venduma Sudatha Pazham Venduma'. This temple is under the control of the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department.

Legend[edit]

A popular legend in Tamil is the story of the first Avvaiyar and the Naaval (Jambu) tree. Avvaiyar, believing she had achieved everything that is to be achieved, was pondering her retirement from Tamil literary work while resting under a Naaval tree. She was then met by a disguised Murugan (regarded as one of the guardian deities of the Tamil language), who jousted with her wittily. He later revealed himself and made her realise that there was still a lot more to be done and learned. Following this awakening, Avvaiyar is believed to have undertaken a fresh set of literary works, targeted at children. These works, even after a millennium, are often among the first works of literature that children are exposed to in Tamil Nadu schools (compare the note to Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem referenced below under Legacy).

Kavithai

Another legend has it that once the great king Athiyaman gave an 'eternal' gooseberry (Nellikani in Tamil) fruit to Avvaiyar I. It was a special fruit that would bestow on whoever ate it a very long and healthy life. Athiyaman wanted Avvaiyar to eat the eternal fruit as she was the right person who could serve the Tamil community. If she could live forever, so would the Tamil heritage and language.^[10]

While on a visit to Ceylon, Avvai was caught up in torrential rain, and took shelter in the house of two women of lower caste, Angavay and Sangavay. These women took care of Avvai with great kindness and the poet promised that they would be given in marriage to the King of Tirucovalur. On hearing this the King agreed to take the women in marriage if they were given away by the Chera, Chola and the Pandya kings. Avvai then made an invocation to Ganesha for making the invitation on a palmyra leaf, on which Ganesha appeared before her. On receiving the invitation the kings from the three kingdoms come to the wedding ceremony and gave Angavay and Sangavay away in marriage. (pp. 57–59).^[11]

Legacy[edit]

In her poem Hindoo Temples and Palace at Madura. of 1835, Letitia Elizabeth Landon writes of Avvaiyar(Avyia)'s triumph and calls her 'One who upon the scroll Flung the creative soul, Disdainful of life’s flowers and of its rest.'

In 1991, a 20.6 km-wide crater in Venus was named the Avviyar crater, after the ancient Avvaiyar, by the International Astronomical Union.^[12]

Publication in the United States[edit]

In 2009, Red Hen Press published a selection of Avvaiyar's poetry from the 12th century, entitled Give, Eat, and Live: Poems by Avviyar. The poems were selected and translated into English by Thomas Pruiksma,^[13] a poet and translator who discovered Avviyar's work while on a Fulbright scholarship at The American College in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Notes[edit]

^'News Archives:'. The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013.
^Ramadevi, B. (3 March 2014). 'The saint of the masses'. The Hindu.
^[B. Ramadevi]
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^gAmaresh (2006). The Encyclopaedia of Hindu literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 295. ISBN978-81-260-1803-1.
^Mukherjee, Sujit (1999). A dictionary of Indian literature. India: Orient Blackswan. p. 32. ISBN978-81-250-1453-9.
^ ^a^bDikshitar, Ramachandra (2007). Studies in Tamil Literature and History. Read Books. pp. 65–70. ISBN978-1-4067-7245-6.
^ ^a^bRobinson, 2001, p. 27.
^'Cosmic Questions Exhibit'. NASA. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.
^Padmanabhan, S. (5 November 2004). 'Shrine for the Tamil poetess'. The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 1 January 2005. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
^'Guidelines for helping the needy'. The Hindu. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013.
^Edward Jewitt Robinson (1873). Tamil Wisdom; Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages, and Selections from their writings. London: Wesleyan Conference Office.
^'Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Avviyar on Venus'. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
^'Biography « The Poet's Magic'.